多选题是雅思听力考试中一直存在的一种题型,虽然每次考试的题量不占大部分,但学会解决这种几乎的题型也是很有必要的。一般多选题分为5选2和7选3两种,极偶尔会有7选2这样的情况,2个或3个答案相互独立,且答案顺序不影响评分,即这2个或者3个答案并非算做同1题,不过,也极偶尔会出现2个或者3个选项只算1题的情况。在雅思听力评分中,3题的正确率就可以有0.5分的影响了,所以多选题也是我们每题必争的。本文中,朗阁海外考试研究中心的老师将对雅思听力多选题的解题难点和对策做详细的分析。
一、同义替换
同义替换是听力选择题的核心考点,多选题肯定也不例外,同义互换给考生造成的疑惑点也可想而知,如果没有听懂原文的意思,那么很难将原文相应内容与选项内容对应上,也就直接导致答案选不对甚至直接感觉答案都没在听力原文里出现过。多选题和单选题很像,同义替换的位置不仅会在选项上,同样也会在题干里面,而且同义替换的方式多变。
比如,剑桥4 Test2 Section3的第25, 26两题:
What TWO disadvantages of the questionnaire form of data collection do the students discuss?
A. the data is sometimes invalid
B. Too few people may respond
C. It is less likely to reveal the unexpected
D. In can only be used with literate populations
E. There is a delay between the distribution and return of questionnaire
原文:
…………
ROSA: No, I’m sure it talked drawbacks as well, didn’t it? Something about the response rate and the problems you get if it’s too low. (B)
MICK: Yeah, but we only need data from five subjects anyway.
ROSA: I suppose so. Another drawback I remember it mentioned was that questionnaire data tends not to reveal anything unexpected (C), because it is……
我们不难发现,问题当中的disadvantage这个词,换成了drawback, 还有选项B中的few替换成了too low。这些同义替换都是*基本的近义词、同义词间的互换。
而且这些同义替换都是常见的,重复出现的,所以难度不大。对于这样的题目或者说这样的同义替换,考生们肯定要在平时多积累常见的同义替换的单词、词组,多去延伸某一个单词的近义词、同义词。就拿上面那个例子当中disadvantage=drawback的同义替换来说,在剑桥3、剑桥7、剑桥9当中出现了至少4次。
当然也有同义替换难度比较大的,比如:剑桥6 Test1 Section4的第38, 39, 40三题:
Which THREE of the following problems are mentioned in the connection with 20th century housing in the East End?
A. Unsympathetic landlords
B. Unclean water
C. Heating problems
D. High rents
E. Over crowing
F. Poor standards of building
G. Houses catching fire
答案C, E, F在文中对应的内容为:
Houses were crowded closely together and usually very badly built. (F)
Few houses had electricity at this time, so other sources of power were used, like coal for the fires which heated perhaps just one room. (C)
A tiny, damp, unhealthy house like this might well be occupied by two full families, possibly including several children, grandparents, aunts and uncles. (E)
这样的同义替换是一种概括总结型的同义替换,这样的替换方式没有办法死记,因为每次替换的内容都可以不一样,不像近义词同义词的对等替换,概括总结型的同义替换是一种从属性质的替换,选项在意思上将原文内容意思高度概括,从而达到一种对应,这样的替换不仅要求考生听懂原文当中句子的意思,而且还要有同义互换的主动意识,也就是说要能够在听懂意思的基础上积极主动的去思考听懂的信息是否与某个选项匹配。否则,很多考生就会听懂原文意思,但没有反应过来听懂的意思可以和哪个选项对应。
二、干扰
干扰其实不仅在多选题当中有,单选题、填空题都会有干扰。在多选题中,干扰大多是选项内容与听力原文中的内容部分甚至完全相同,但从符合题意的角度,该选项不能作为正确选项。简单说来就是听到但不能选。同义替换已经很难了,为什么还要设计干扰作为另外一个难点?因为有时候同义替换的难度不够酸爽,再配上干扰,这样对于剑桥来说就完美了!干扰的情况在多选题当中比较容易判断,可以大致分为所有选项干扰、部分选项干扰以及问题条件干扰。
首先以剑桥5 Test1 Section1的第5, 6两题为例:
Which TWO things are included in the price of the tour?
A. Fishing trip
B. Guided bushwalk
C. Reptile park entry
D. Table tennis
E. Tennis
这题就是上面说的所有选项干扰的一题,根据听力原文You guide will take anyone who is interested either on a bushwalk through the national park near the hotel, and there’s no extra charge for that, or on a fishing trip. That’s an extra $12 I think. And there is also a reptile park in town-that costs more or less the same. And if you just want to relax, you are free to sit by the hotel pool or down the beach. Oh, they also have tennis courts at the hotel, but you have to pay for those by the hour. But there are table tennis tables downstairs, and they are part of the accommodation package…… A-E所有5个选项在听力原文当中都出现了,如果没有听懂意思,而只是听单词,这题难度就很大了,所以一定要关注符合题目“are included in the price of the tour”要求的选项。这种所有选项干扰的情况可以在审题的时候就预判出来,一般选项内容简单且不太容易做同义替换的时候,很容易出现所有选项都在听力中重现的情况,如果考生们能在审题时发现这一点,从而提醒自己一定不能再听到什么就选什么,一定要关注符合问题内容的信息,这样做对的几率会大大增加。值得注意的是,在选项全部在听力原文中重现的这种多选题中,并非同义替换就不存在了,只是不在选项上了,同义替换的位置很有可能会在题干当中,如上题,“are included in the price of the tour”就被替换成了2种说法“no extra charge”和“part of the accommodation package”,且后一种同义替换的难度非常大,很多烤鸭都没有反应过来这是住宿打包费用的一部分的意思,也就是费用已包含的意思。其实,如果所有选项都在听力中重现,还可以用排除法去剔除错误选项,剩下的就是正确选项了,也就是说就算不知道“part of the accommodation package”的意思选不出E来,也应该知道D. table tennis是需要pay by the hour的,也就是和“are included in the price of the tour”意思相反,A,C选项也可以用同样的方式剔除。
再以刚刚提过的剑桥6 Test1 Section4的第38, 39, 40三题为例:
其实这题的难度远不止正确选项C, E, F的同义替换,如果我们看看所有选项以及题目相关的所有听力内容就不难发现,其实这题也有干扰,这种情况就是上面说的部分选项干扰,即不是所有选项都出现,只是其中几个选项出现,并且有的具有干扰功能:
A. Unsympathetic landlords
B. Unclean water
C. Heating problems
D. High rents
E. Over crowing
F. Poor sta