I. Basic economic concepts (8–12%)
Scarcity:稀缺性
Choice:选择
opportunity costs:机会成本
Production possibilities curve:生产可能性曲线
Production possibilities frontier:生产可能性边界(与生产可能性曲线相同)
Comparative advantage:相对比较优势
absolute advantage:比较优势
specialization:分工
exchange:交换
Demand:需求
Supply:供给
market equilibrium:市场均衡
business cycle:经济周期
unemployment:失业
inflation:通货膨胀
growth:增长
II. Measurement of Economic Performance (12–16%)
National income accounts:国民收入账户
Circular flow:经济循环
Gross domestic product:国内生产总值(GDP)
Real gross domestic product:实际GDP
Nominal gross domestic product:名义GDP
Price indices 价格指数
Nominal:名义的
real:实际的
Natural rate of unemployment:自然失业率
III. National Income and Price Determination (10–15%) 国民收入与价格决定
Aggregate demand:总需求
Multiplier:乘数效应
crowding-out effects:挤出效应
Aggregate supply:总供给
Short-run:短期
long-run:长期
Sticky:黏性
Flexible:自由伸缩性
Stagflation:滞胀
Actual output:实际产出
full-employment:充分就业产出
Economic fluctuations:经济波动
IV. Financial Sector (15–20%)
Money:货币
stock:股票
bond:债券
Bank:银行
financial markets:金融市场
Time value of money:货币的时间价值
money supply:货币供给
Money demand:货币需求
creation of money:货币的创造
Money market:货币市场
Loanable funds market 可贷资金市场
Policy:政策工具
Quantity theory of money:货币数量论
Real interest rate:实际利率
nominal rate:名义利率
V. Inflation, Unemployment, and Stabilization Policies (20–30%) 通货膨胀、失业与稳定政策
Fiscal policy:财政政策
Monetary policy:货币政策
Government deficits:财政赤字
Government debt:政府债务
Demand-pull inflation:需求拉动型通货膨胀
Cost-push inflation:成本推动型通货膨胀
The Phillips curve:菲利普斯曲线
Expectations:期望(预期)
VI. Economic Growth and Productivity (5–10%) 经济增长与生产率
human capital:人力资本投资
Investment in human capital:人力资本投资
Investment in physical capital:物质资本投资
Research and development:研发
technological progress:技术进步
VII. Open Economy: International Trade and Finance (10–15%) 开放经济,国际贸易与国际金融(资本)
Balance of payments accounts:收支账户平衡
Balance of trade:贸易平衡
Current account:经常账户
Capital account:资本账户
Foreign exchange market:外汇市场
Exchange rate:汇率
Currency appreciation:货币
Currency depreciation:货币贬值
Net export:净出口
capital flows:资本流动
Profit:利润
Accounting profit:会计利润
Economic profit:经济利润
Hyperinflation:恶性通货膨胀
Depreciation:折旧
Depreciation rate:折旧率
Automatic stabilizers:自动稳定器
Propensity to consume:消费倾向
Average propensity to consume:平均消费倾向
Marginal propensity to consume:边际消费倾向
Budget:预算
Budget constraints:预算制约
Budget surpluses:预算盈余
Budget deficits:预算赤字
Balance sheet:资产负债表
Base-year prices:基年价格
100-percent-reserve:百分之百准备金
Closed economies:封闭经济
Open economies:开放经济
GDP deflator:GDP平减指数
CPI:消费者价格指数
Shock:冲击
Discounting:折现
Discounting rate:折现率
Present value:现值
Discouraged workers:丧失信心的工人
Disposable income:可支配收入
Disposable personal income:个人可支配收入
Economic fluctuation:经济波动
Keynesian cross:凯恩斯交叉图
Expenditures:支出
Actual expenditures:实际支出
Planned expenditure:计划支出
Excess reserves:超额准备金
Fixed exchange rates:固定汇率
Floating exchange rates:浮动汇率
Factor prices:要素价格
Factors of production:生产要素
Federal reserve:美国联邦储备委员会
Fiat money:法定货币
Fisher equation:费雪方程式
Fisher effect:费雪效应
Structural unemployment:结构性失业
Seasonally unemployment:季节性失业
Cyclically unemployment:周期性失业
Frictional unemployment:摩擦性失业
Full-employment:充分就业
Inflation tax:通货膨胀税
Inventories:存货
Inventory investment:存货投资
Labor:劳动
Labor productivity:劳动生产率
Marginal product:边际产量
Market clearing:市场出清
Shoe-leather cost:鞋底成本
Menu cost:菜单成本
Monetary base:基础货币
Contractionary:紧缩性
Net capital outflow:资本净流出
Net foreign investment:国外净投资
Production function:生产函数
Purchases:购买
Recession:衰退
Reserve requirement:法定准备率
Stabilization:稳定
Stabilization policy:稳定政策
Stocks:股票;存量
Surplus:盈余
Shortage:短缺
Underground economy:地下经济
Great Depression:大萧条
Value added:增加值
Velocity of money:货币流通速度
Wage rigidity:工资刚性